¼º°æÀÇ ½ÅÀû ±â¿øÀ» ºÎÁ¤Çϴ öÇÐ(24) ¹Ì¼Ç21 phj2930@nate.com |
2021³â 12¿ù 03ÀÏ(±Ý) 11:33 |
|
|
´ÙÀ©Àº ¸È´õ½ºÀÇ <Àα¸·Ð>À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ´Â ¨ç-[»ýÁ¸À» À§ÇÑ ÅõÀï(Struggle for Existence)]À», Âû½º ¶óÀÌ¿¤ÀÇ <ÁöÁúÇÐ ¿ø¸®>·ÎºÎÅÍ´Â ¨è-[¿À·£ ¼¼¿ù¿¡ °ÉÄ£ Á¡ÁøÀûÀÎ º¯È]¸¦ ¹Þ¾Æµé¿©, ¨é-[ǰÁ¾°³·®À̳ª ȯ°æ º¯È¿¡ µû¸¥ º¯ÀÌ(ܨì¶; variation)]¿Í °áÇÕÇÏ¿© ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÁøÈ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» °í¾ÈÇØ³Â´Ù.
¸È´õ½ºÀÇ Àα¸·ÐÀº, Àα¸ Áõ°¡´Â ±âÇϱ޼öÀûÀÌ°í ½Ä·® Áõ°¡´Â »ê¼ú±Þ¼öÀûÀÌ¾î¼ Àα¸ Áõ°¡¸¦ ¾ïÁ¦ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ´Ù.
<Á¾ÀÇ ±â¿ø> 6ÆÇ¿¡ Malthus(¸È´õ½º)°¡ µÎ ¹ø ¾ð±ÞµÇ¸ç, Lyell(¶óÀÌ¿¤)·Î °Ë»öÀ» ÇØº¸¸é º»¹® »ó¿¡ ¡®Lyell¡¯ÀÌ 28¹øÀ̳ª ³ª¿Â´Ù.
Âû½º ´ÙÀ©Àº, À¯±âü(organic being)µéÀÌ ±âÇϱ޼öÀûÀ¸·Î(geometrically) Áõ°¡Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ (¿Â ¼¼»óÀÇ À¯±âüµé »çÀÌÀÇ) ¡°»ýÁ¸À» À§ÇÑ ÅõÀÀ» ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ¸È´õ½ºÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ µ¿¹°°è¿Í ½Ä¹°°è¿¡ Àû¿ëµÈ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù.
(In the next chapter the Struggle for Existence amongst all organic beings throughout the world, which inevitably follows from the high geometrical ratio of their increase, will be considered. This is the doctrine of Malthus, applied to the whole animal and vegetable kingdoms.?<Á¾ÀÇ ±â¿ø> 6ÆÇ 3ÂÊ)
´ÙÀ©Àº <Á¾ÀÇ ±â¿ø> 6ÆÇ 75-76ÂÊ¿¡¼ ¡°ÇÑ ¹øÀÇ ´ëÈ«¼öÀÇ ¹°°áÀÌ °Å´ëÇÑ Çù°îÀ» ±ð¾Æ³»¾ú´Ù´Â °ßÇØ¡±¸¦ ±Ù´ëÁöÁúÇÐÀÌ ¼Ò¸êÇØ ¹ö·ÈµíÀÌ, ÀÚ¿¬¼±Åõµ ¡°»õ·Î¿î »ý¸íüÀÇ °è¼ÓÀûÀΠâÁ¶³ª »ý¸íü ÇüÅÂÀÇ ±Þ°ÝÇϰí Å« º¯È¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½¡±À» ¼Ò¸êÇØ¹ö¸®°Ô µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¸»ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
(Natural selection acts only by the preservation and accumulation of small inherited modifications, each profitable to the preserved being; and as modern geology has almost banished such views as the excavation of a great valley by a single diluvial wave, so will natural selection banish the belief of the continued creation of new organic beings, or of any great and sudden modification in their structure.)
À§¿¡¼ ¡°»õ·Î¿î »ý¸íüÀÇ °è¼ÓÀûÀΠâÁ¶¡±¶ó´Â Ç¥ÇöÀº, ´ÙÁ߰ݺ¯·ÐÀÚÀÎ ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÇ °í»ý¹°ÇÐÀÚ Á¶¸£ÁÖ Äûºñ¿¡(1769-1832)°¡ (Âû½º ´ÙÀ© ÀÌÀü¿¡ ¶ó¸¶¸£Å©(Lamarck; 1744-1829)¿Í »ýÆ¿·¹¸£(Saint-Hilaire; 1772-1844) µîÀÌ ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿´´ø) ÁøÈ·ÐÀ» °ÇÏ°Ô ¹Ý´ëÇϸé¼, °Ýº¯ÀûÀÎ Àç¾ÓÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¶§¸¶´Ù »ý¸íüÀÇ ¸êÁ¾ÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç Çϳª´ÔÀÌ »õ·Î¿î »ý¸íü¸¦ âÁ¶Çϼ̴ٴ ÁÖÀåÀ» ¿°µÎ¿¡ µÎ°í ÇÑ ¸»ÀÌ´Ù.
´ÙÁ߰ݺ¯·Ð(ÒýñìÌܨÖå; multi-catastrophism)Àº, Áö±¸»ó¿¡ ³ë¾Æ È«¼ö ¿Ü¿¡ ¿©·¯ Â÷·ÊÀÇ °Ýº¯ÀûÀÎ »ç°ÇµéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù´Â ÁöÁúÇÐ ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ´Ù. ¿äÁîÀ½ÀÇ ¿ë¾î·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÏÀÚ¸é Äûºñ¿¡´Â ÁøÇàÀû âÁ¶·ÐÀÚ(Progressive Creationist)ÀÎ ¼ÀÀÌ´Ù. ÁøÇàÀû âÁ¶·ÐÀº ÁøÈ·ÐÀû ½Ã°£Ç¥¿¡ ¸ÂÃá ÀÌ·ÐÀ¸·Î, ÁøÈ·Ð¿¡¼ ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â »õ·Î¿î Á¾ÀÌ ÃâÇöÇÒ ¶§¸¶´Ù Çϳª´ÔÀÌ »õ·Î¿î Á¾À» âÁ¶Çϼ̴ٴ ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ´Ù. ÁøÇàÀû âÁ¶·ÐÀº ÁøÈ·ÐÀû ¿¬´ë¿Í Çϳª´ÔÀÇ Ã¢Á¶¸¦ ¼¯¾î ³õÀº Â¥±é±â ÀÌ·ÐÀÏ »ÓÀÌ´Ù.
Âû½º ´ÙÀ©º¸´Ù 12¼¼ ¿¬»óÀÎ Âû½º ¶óÀÌ¿¤Àº (Âû½º ´ÙÀ©ÀÌ ÁøÈ·Ð »ç»óÀ» °í¾ÈÇØ ³»´Âµ¥) Å« ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÃÆ´Ù. ¡°µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³¡±·Î Ç¥ÇöµÇ´Â Âû½º ¶óÀÌ¿¤ÀÇ ÁöÁúÇÐÀÌ·ÐÀº (³ë¾Æ È«¼ö¿Í °°Àº °Ýº¯Àû ÁöÁúÇÐÀû) »ç°ÇÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Æ´ÏÇÏ´Â ÀÌ·ÐÀ¸·Î¼, ÁöÃþ°ú Çù°î µîÀ» Çü¼ºÇÏ´Â ÅðÀû°ú ħ½Ä ÀÛ¿ë µîÀÌ ´À¸° ¼Óµµ·Î ¿À·£ ¼¼¿ù¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ÀϾٴ ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ´Ù.
ÁöÃþÀº ¾î¶»°Ô Çü¼ºµÇ¾ú´Â°¡? ÁøÈ·ÐÀû ÁöÁúÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â ÁöÃþ Çü¼º¹æ¹ý°ú ÁöÃþÀÇ ¸ð¾çÀº, ´À¸° ¼Óµµ·Î ¿À·£ ¼¼¿ù¿¡ °ÉÃÄ(µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³; uniformitarianism), ¼öÆòÀ¸·Î(¼öÆò¼ºÀÇ ¿ø¸®; law of original horizontality), ¾Æ·¡ ÁöÃþÀÌ ¸ÕÀú À§ ÁöÃþÀÌ ³ªÁß¿¡(ÁöÃþ´©ÁßÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢; law of superposition) ½×Àδٴ °ÍÀÌ´Ù(ÅðÀû).
µ§¸¶Å©ÀÇ ÇØºÎÇÐÀÚ °â ÁöÁúÇÐÀÚÀÎ ´ÏÄÝ¶ó½º ½ºÅ׳ë(Nicolas Steno; 1638-1686)´Â 1699³â ¿À·¡ µÈ ÁöÃþ À§¿¡ »õ·Î¿î ÁöÃþÀÌ ½×Àδٴ ÁöÃþ´©Áß(Law of Superposition)ÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢À» Á¦¾ÈÇÏ¿´´Ù.
ÁöÃþ´©ÁßÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢Àº 1791³â ¿µ±¹ Ãâ½Å ÁöÁúÇÐÀÚÀÎ Àª¸®¾ö ½º¹Ì½º(William Smith; 1769-1839) ÀÇÇØ ´ëÁßÈ µÇ¾ú´Ù.
ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¿µ±¹ ÀÇ»çÀÎ Á¦ÀÓ½º ÇãÆ°(James Hutton; 1726-1797)À» Çö´ë ÁöÁúÇÐÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇÑ »ç¶÷À¸·Î º¸¸ç, µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³ ÁöÁúÇÐÀ» ¡®Çö´ëÁöÁúÇС¯À̶ó ºÎ¸¥´Ù. 1795³â ÇãÆ°Àº ÁöÁú ÀÛ¿ëÀº ¿¾³¯À̳ª Áö±ÝÀ̳ª Ç×»ó °°´Ù´Â µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³(ÔÒìéΦïïàã; Uniformitarianism)À» <Áö±¸ÀÌ·Ð>(The theory of the earth)À» ÅëÇÏ¿© ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ¿´À¸³ª, ÀÌÇØÇϱⰡ ½±Áö ¾Ê¾Æ¼ ³Î¸® ¾Ë·ÁÁöÁö ¸øÇÏ´Ù°¡,
1802³â ÇãÆ°ÀÇ Ä£±¸ÀÎ Á¸ Ç÷¹ÀÌÆä¾î(John Playfair; 1748-1819)°¡ ÇãÆ°ÀÇ <Áö±¸ÀÌ·Ð>À» ¿ä¾à Á¤¸®ÇÑ <ÇãÆ° Áö±¸ ÀÌ·Ð ÇØ¼³>À» ¹ß°£ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ³Î¸® ¾Ë·ÁÁö°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.
¸È´õ½ºÀÇ Àα¸·ÐÀº, Àα¸ Áõ°¡´Â ±âÇϱ޼öÀûÀÌ°í ½Ä·® Áõ°¡´Â »ê¼ú±Þ¼öÀûÀÌ¾î¼ Àα¸ Áõ°¡¸¦ ¾ïÁ¦ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ´Ù.
<Á¾ÀÇ ±â¿ø> 6ÆÇ¿¡ Malthus(¸È´õ½º)°¡ µÎ ¹ø ¾ð±ÞµÇ¸ç, Lyell(¶óÀÌ¿¤)·Î °Ë»öÀ» ÇØº¸¸é º»¹® »ó¿¡ ¡®Lyell¡¯ÀÌ 28¹øÀ̳ª ³ª¿Â´Ù.
Âû½º ´ÙÀ©Àº, À¯±âü(organic being)µéÀÌ ±âÇϱ޼öÀûÀ¸·Î(geometrically) Áõ°¡Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ (¿Â ¼¼»óÀÇ À¯±âüµé »çÀÌÀÇ) ¡°»ýÁ¸À» À§ÇÑ ÅõÀÀ» ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ¸È´õ½ºÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ µ¿¹°°è¿Í ½Ä¹°°è¿¡ Àû¿ëµÈ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù.
(In the next chapter the Struggle for Existence amongst all organic beings throughout the world, which inevitably follows from the high geometrical ratio of their increase, will be considered. This is the doctrine of Malthus, applied to the whole animal and vegetable kingdoms.?<Á¾ÀÇ ±â¿ø> 6ÆÇ 3ÂÊ)
´ÙÀ©Àº <Á¾ÀÇ ±â¿ø> 6ÆÇ 75-76ÂÊ¿¡¼ ¡°ÇÑ ¹øÀÇ ´ëÈ«¼öÀÇ ¹°°áÀÌ °Å´ëÇÑ Çù°îÀ» ±ð¾Æ³»¾ú´Ù´Â °ßÇØ¡±¸¦ ±Ù´ëÁöÁúÇÐÀÌ ¼Ò¸êÇØ ¹ö·ÈµíÀÌ, ÀÚ¿¬¼±Åõµ ¡°»õ·Î¿î »ý¸íüÀÇ °è¼ÓÀûÀΠâÁ¶³ª »ý¸íü ÇüÅÂÀÇ ±Þ°ÝÇϰí Å« º¯È¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½¡±À» ¼Ò¸êÇØ¹ö¸®°Ô µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¸»ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
(Natural selection acts only by the preservation and accumulation of small inherited modifications, each profitable to the preserved being; and as modern geology has almost banished such views as the excavation of a great valley by a single diluvial wave, so will natural selection banish the belief of the continued creation of new organic beings, or of any great and sudden modification in their structure.)
À§¿¡¼ ¡°»õ·Î¿î »ý¸íüÀÇ °è¼ÓÀûÀΠâÁ¶¡±¶ó´Â Ç¥ÇöÀº, ´ÙÁ߰ݺ¯·ÐÀÚÀÎ ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÇ °í»ý¹°ÇÐÀÚ Á¶¸£ÁÖ Äûºñ¿¡(1769-1832)°¡ (Âû½º ´ÙÀ© ÀÌÀü¿¡ ¶ó¸¶¸£Å©(Lamarck; 1744-1829)¿Í »ýÆ¿·¹¸£(Saint-Hilaire; 1772-1844) µîÀÌ ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿´´ø) ÁøÈ·ÐÀ» °ÇÏ°Ô ¹Ý´ëÇϸé¼, °Ýº¯ÀûÀÎ Àç¾ÓÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¶§¸¶´Ù »ý¸íüÀÇ ¸êÁ¾ÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç Çϳª´ÔÀÌ »õ·Î¿î »ý¸íü¸¦ âÁ¶Çϼ̴ٴ ÁÖÀåÀ» ¿°µÎ¿¡ µÎ°í ÇÑ ¸»ÀÌ´Ù.
´ÙÁ߰ݺ¯·Ð(ÒýñìÌܨÖå; multi-catastrophism)Àº, Áö±¸»ó¿¡ ³ë¾Æ È«¼ö ¿Ü¿¡ ¿©·¯ Â÷·ÊÀÇ °Ýº¯ÀûÀÎ »ç°ÇµéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù´Â ÁöÁúÇÐ ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ´Ù. ¿äÁîÀ½ÀÇ ¿ë¾î·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÏÀÚ¸é Äûºñ¿¡´Â ÁøÇàÀû âÁ¶·ÐÀÚ(Progressive Creationist)ÀÎ ¼ÀÀÌ´Ù. ÁøÇàÀû âÁ¶·ÐÀº ÁøÈ·ÐÀû ½Ã°£Ç¥¿¡ ¸ÂÃá ÀÌ·ÐÀ¸·Î, ÁøÈ·Ð¿¡¼ ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â »õ·Î¿î Á¾ÀÌ ÃâÇöÇÒ ¶§¸¶´Ù Çϳª´ÔÀÌ »õ·Î¿î Á¾À» âÁ¶Çϼ̴ٴ ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ´Ù. ÁøÇàÀû âÁ¶·ÐÀº ÁøÈ·ÐÀû ¿¬´ë¿Í Çϳª´ÔÀÇ Ã¢Á¶¸¦ ¼¯¾î ³õÀº Â¥±é±â ÀÌ·ÐÀÏ »ÓÀÌ´Ù.
Âû½º ´ÙÀ©º¸´Ù 12¼¼ ¿¬»óÀÎ Âû½º ¶óÀÌ¿¤Àº (Âû½º ´ÙÀ©ÀÌ ÁøÈ·Ð »ç»óÀ» °í¾ÈÇØ ³»´Âµ¥) Å« ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÃÆ´Ù. ¡°µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³¡±·Î Ç¥ÇöµÇ´Â Âû½º ¶óÀÌ¿¤ÀÇ ÁöÁúÇÐÀÌ·ÐÀº (³ë¾Æ È«¼ö¿Í °°Àº °Ýº¯Àû ÁöÁúÇÐÀû) »ç°ÇÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Æ´ÏÇÏ´Â ÀÌ·ÐÀ¸·Î¼, ÁöÃþ°ú Çù°î µîÀ» Çü¼ºÇÏ´Â ÅðÀû°ú ħ½Ä ÀÛ¿ë µîÀÌ ´À¸° ¼Óµµ·Î ¿À·£ ¼¼¿ù¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ÀϾٴ ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ´Ù.
ÁöÃþÀº ¾î¶»°Ô Çü¼ºµÇ¾ú´Â°¡? ÁøÈ·ÐÀû ÁöÁúÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â ÁöÃþ Çü¼º¹æ¹ý°ú ÁöÃþÀÇ ¸ð¾çÀº, ´À¸° ¼Óµµ·Î ¿À·£ ¼¼¿ù¿¡ °ÉÃÄ(µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³; uniformitarianism), ¼öÆòÀ¸·Î(¼öÆò¼ºÀÇ ¿ø¸®; law of original horizontality), ¾Æ·¡ ÁöÃþÀÌ ¸ÕÀú À§ ÁöÃþÀÌ ³ªÁß¿¡(ÁöÃþ´©ÁßÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢; law of superposition) ½×Àδٴ °ÍÀÌ´Ù(ÅðÀû).
µ§¸¶Å©ÀÇ ÇØºÎÇÐÀÚ °â ÁöÁúÇÐÀÚÀÎ ´ÏÄÝ¶ó½º ½ºÅ׳ë(Nicolas Steno; 1638-1686)´Â 1699³â ¿À·¡ µÈ ÁöÃþ À§¿¡ »õ·Î¿î ÁöÃþÀÌ ½×Àδٴ ÁöÃþ´©Áß(Law of Superposition)ÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢À» Á¦¾ÈÇÏ¿´´Ù.
ÁöÃþ´©ÁßÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢Àº 1791³â ¿µ±¹ Ãâ½Å ÁöÁúÇÐÀÚÀÎ Àª¸®¾ö ½º¹Ì½º(William Smith; 1769-1839) ÀÇÇØ ´ëÁßÈ µÇ¾ú´Ù.
ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¿µ±¹ ÀÇ»çÀÎ Á¦ÀÓ½º ÇãÆ°(James Hutton; 1726-1797)À» Çö´ë ÁöÁúÇÐÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇÑ »ç¶÷À¸·Î º¸¸ç, µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³ ÁöÁúÇÐÀ» ¡®Çö´ëÁöÁúÇС¯À̶ó ºÎ¸¥´Ù. 1795³â ÇãÆ°Àº ÁöÁú ÀÛ¿ëÀº ¿¾³¯À̳ª Áö±ÝÀ̳ª Ç×»ó °°´Ù´Â µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³(ÔÒìéΦïïàã; Uniformitarianism)À» <Áö±¸ÀÌ·Ð>(The theory of the earth)À» ÅëÇÏ¿© ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ¿´À¸³ª, ÀÌÇØÇϱⰡ ½±Áö ¾Ê¾Æ¼ ³Î¸® ¾Ë·ÁÁöÁö ¸øÇÏ´Ù°¡,
1802³â ÇãÆ°ÀÇ Ä£±¸ÀÎ Á¸ Ç÷¹ÀÌÆä¾î(John Playfair; 1748-1819)°¡ ÇãÆ°ÀÇ <Áö±¸ÀÌ·Ð>À» ¿ä¾à Á¤¸®ÇÑ <ÇãÆ° Áö±¸ ÀÌ·Ð ÇØ¼³>À» ¹ß°£ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ³Î¸® ¾Ë·ÁÁö°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.
¹Ì¼Ç21 phj2930@nate.com